Python Advanced

Object-Oriented Programming

Classes and Objects

• Class definition and instantiation
• Instance variables vs class variables
• Methods: instance methods, class methods, static methods
• Constructor (__init__) and destructor (__del__)
• Property decorators

Inheritance

• Single inheritance
• Multiple inheritance and MRO (Method Resolution Order)
• Method overriding
• super() function
• Abstract base classes (ABC)

Special Methods

• __str__ and __repr__
• __len__, __getitem__, __setitem__
• __eq__, __lt__, __hash__
• __call__ for callable objects
• __enter__ and __exit__ for context managers

Encapsulation

• Private attributes (name mangling)
• Protected attributes
• Property decorators (@property, @setter, @deleter)

Decorators and Generators

Decorators

• Function decorators
• Class decorators
• Decorator with arguments
• Built-in decorators (@staticmethod, @classmethod, @property)
• functools.wraps for preserving metadata

Generators

• Generator functions (yield keyword)
• Generator expressions
• Generator vs list comprehensions
• Sending values to generators
• Generator pipelines

Context Managers

Context Manager Protocol

• __enter__ and __exit__ methods
• Using with statement
• Exception handling in context managers
• contextlib module
• @contextmanager decorator

Use Cases

• File handling
• Database connections
• Resource management
• Lock management

Type Hints

Type Annotations

• Basic type hints (int, str, list, dict)
• Optional and Union types
• Generic types (List, Dict, Tuple)
• Type aliases
• Callable types
• TypedDict for dictionaries

Type Checking

• mypy for static type checking
• Type hints in function signatures
• Type hints for class attributes
• Forward references

Practice Questions

Test your understanding with the questions in the interactive quiz below (when available).

Resources

• Python OOP Tutorial: https://realpython.com/python3-object-oriented-programming/
• Python Decorators Guide: https://realpython.com/primer-on-python-decorators/
• Type Hints Documentation: https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html